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What is NAT and PAT

03 October, 2012




WHAT IS NAT

Network Address Translation (NAT) is simply that – it takes a network address, and “translates” it to another network address.  It is a simple lookup table, where each row is created  by a router command with the two addresses.  The user address is behind the router on the LAN interface, and the Internet address is sent out across the serial interface.

Static NAT
For security - requires n Internet IP addresses -  assign unique, unregistered local IP addresses to all users, and use unique Internet addresses as well.  Users can all use the same port.
Static NAT offers enhanced security - the actual IP address of the user is hidden.  A router running NAT (RFC1631) allows the users to maintain anonymity, because their addresses are not sent out to the world.  Users will typically use addresses from one of three reserved address spaces, the most famous being the “10” Class A address range.
Source
Computer
Source
Computer's
IP Address
NAT Router's
IP Address
A
10.0.0.1
215.37.32.201
B
10.0.0.2
215.37.32.202
C
10.0.0.3
215.37.32.203


Dynamic NAT (NAT & PAT)
for overloading - requires 1 outside Internet IP address - assign unique, unregistered local IP addresses to all users.  Must use unique ports for each user !!!
Dynamic NAT allows overloading - multiple users access the Internet via one IP address.  This is used by Microsoft ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) and by DSL routers that have several home user PC’s connected.  In fact, every Cable/DSL Broadband Router on the market accomplishes its job with NAT.

Source
Computer
Source
Computer's
IP Address
Source
Computer's Port
NAT Router's
IP Address
A
10.0.0.1
400
215.37.32.201
B
10.0.0.2
50
215.37.32.201
C
10.0.0.3
3750
215.37.32.201







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Requirment of Windows 2008 server

30 September, 2012






Component Requirement

Processor: 
Minimum: 1GHz (x86 processor) or 1.4GHz (x64 processor) • Recommended: 2GHz or faster Note: An Intel Itanium 2 processor is required for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems

Memory:
Minimum: 512MB RAM • Recommended: 2GB RAM or greater • Maximum (32-bit systems): 4GB (Standard) or 64GB (Enterprise and Datacenter) • Maximum (64-bit systems): 32GB (Standard) or 2TB (Enterprise, Datacenter and Itanium-based Systems)

Disk Space Requirment:
Minimum: 10GB • Recommended: 40GB or greater Note: Computers with more than 16GB of RAM

Display:
Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor • Keyboard • Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

Upgrade Note

If you are currently running:You can upgrade to:
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition
Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition
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Difference Between Windows server 2008 and R2

01 September, 2012



 Windows 2008 Server,

Windows Server 2008 (Win2k8) is one of Microsoft Windows' server line of operating systems. Released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and officially released on February 27, 2008, it is the successor to Windows Server 2003, released nearly five years earlier.

Windows Server 2008 is built from the same code base as Windows Vista; therefore, it shares much of the same architecture and functionality.

Whats in Windows Server 2008 :
Virtualisation:
Server Core
IIS
Role Based Installation
RODC
NAP
Bit Locker
Powershell
Fail-over Clustering
Self Healing NTFS
System Resource Manager





Windows Server 2008 R2,

Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and launched on October 22, 2009. According to the Windows Server Team blog, the retail availability was September 14, 2009.[4] It is built on Windows NT 6.1, the same kernel used with the client-oriented Windows 7. It is the first 64-bit-only operating system release from Microsoft.

Whats New in Windows Server 2008 R2:
64-Bit Only
Support for 256 cores
Core Parking
Remote Desktop Services
New Hyper-V
Live Migration
Support .NET Frameworks in Server Core
Powershell 2.0
Remote Server Management
Active Directory Administrative Center
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How Search Engines Works

17 July, 2012

What is search Engine?
Basically, a search engine is a software program that searches for sites based on the words that you designate as search terms. Search engines look through their own databases of information in order to find what it is that you are looking for.
When people use the term search engine in relation to the Web, they are usually referring to the actual search forms that searches through databases of HTML documents, initially gathered by a robot.

There are basically three types of search engines: 

1. powered by robots (called crawlers; ants or spiders)
2. powered by human submissions
3. hybrid of above two



Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine.

Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index.

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4G Technology

13 July, 2012

Fourth Generation Mobiles




4G also called as Fourth-Generation Communications System, is a term used to describe the next step in wireless communications. A 4G system can provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis. The data transfer rates are also much higher than previous generations.

The main objectives of 4G are:

1) 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.

2) This will be capable of providing 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors.

3) It can provide premium quality and high security.

4) 4G offer all types of services at an affordable cost.

4G is developed to provide high quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications such as wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging, Video Chat, Mobile TV, High definition TV content, DVB, minimal service like voice and data, and other streaming services.

4G technology allow high-quality smooth video transmission. It will enable fast downloading of full-length songs or music pieces in real time.

The business and popularity of 4Gmobiles is predicted to be very vast. This 4Gmobile market will be over $400B and it will dominate the wireless communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless infrastructure.

Data Rates For 4G:

The downloading speed for mobile Internet connections is from 9.6 kbit/s for 2G cellular at present. However, in actual use the data rates are usually slower, especially in crowded areas, or when there is congestion in network.

4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second which means that it will be about 10-20 times faster than standard ASDL services.

In terms of connection seeds, 4G will be about 200 times faster than present 2G mobile data rates, and about 10 times faster than 3G broadband mobile. 3G data rates are currently 2Mbit/sec, which is very fast compared to 2G's 9.6Kbit/sec
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Windows Server 2012

12 July, 2012




Windows Server 2012, formerly codenamed Windows Server 8, is the next release of Windows Server currently under development by Microsoft. It is the server version of Windows 8 and the successor to Windows Server 2008 R2. Windows Server 2012 will be the first version of Windows Server to have no support for Itanium-based computers since Windows NT 4.0. A developer preview (a pre-beta release) was released on 9 September 2011 to MSDN subscribers. On March 1, 2012, Microsoft issued a public beta (build 8250). On April 17, 2012, Microsoft announced the product name would be Windows Server 2012.. On May 31, 2012, Microsoft announced the release candidate (RC) for Windows Server 2012

Main Features of Windows server 2012:  

 1. User Interface
 2. Task Manager
 3. Installation option
 4. IP Address management
 5. Active Directory
 6. Hyper-V
 7. Cloud

System Requirement:

Architecture: 64 Bit

CPU- 1.4 Ghz
Memory - 512 MB
Hard disk Space - 32 GB (more if there is 16 GB of RAM or more)

Editions
1. Foundation
2. Essential
3. Standared
4. Datacenter
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Windows 2008 Server Editions


Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and launched on October 22, 2009. According to the Windows Server Team blog.
There are seven editions: Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web, HPC Server, Itanium and Windows Storage Server 2008 R2(Essentials Edition).

Processor
1.4 GHz x86-64 or Itanium 2 processor
Memory
Minimum:512 MB RAM (may limit performance and some features)
Recommended:2 GB RAM
Maximum: 8 GB RAM (Foundation), 32 GB RAM (Standard), or 2 TB RAM (Enterprise, Datacenter and Itanium-Based Systems)
Display
Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher
Disk Space Requirements
Minimum (editions higher than Foundation): 32 GB or more
Minimum (Foundation edition) 10 GB or more.
Computers with more than 16 GB of RAM require more disk space for paging and dump files.
Other
DVD drive, keyboard and mouse, Internet access (Optional, but required for updates and online activation)

 Edition Comparison Chart:


click  picture to Enlarge



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